surging--- To increase suddenly. Used of electric current or voltage猛增=accelerating

surpass--- To be or go beyond, as in degree or quality; exceed勝過=exceed, outrun

sustain--- To keep in existence; maintain繼續生存；維持=maintain

sustenance--- Something, especially food, that sustains life or health營養物，尤指食物=fare Food and drink; diet食物和飲料

Means of livelihood生計=livelihood

supplement---Something added to complete a thing, make up for a deficiency, or extend or strengthen the whole補充物，用來完成某事、補充不足、擴展或加強=extension

An addition that increases the area, influence, operation, or contents of something擴大

supreme---Greatest in importance, degree, significance, character, or achievement最重要的=outstanding

succinct---Characterized by clear, precise expression in few words; concise and terse簡明的=concise

sufficient---Being as much as is needed充足的=adequate

sumptuous---Of a size or splendor suggesting great expense; lavish豪華的；花費奢侈的=luxurious

substantial--Considerable in importance, value, degree, amount, or extent有重大價值的=considerable Worthy of consideration; significant重要的

substitute---One that takes the place of another; a replacement代用品=replacement, in place of代替

subsidize---To assist or support with a subsidy以津貼補助=finance To supply funds to給…提供資金

subtle--So slight as to be difficult to detect or analyze; elusive纖細的，細小的=slight

submit---提出，提交=present提出；呈遞

subsidy---Monetary assistance granted by a government to a person orsgroupsin support of an enterprise regarded as being in the public interest補助金=financing融通資金

subject to ---在...條件下;易受...的侵襲;受控制=expose to, susceptible to

stretch---A continuous or unbroken length, area, or expanse連續不斷的長度，地區或空間=span The extent or measure of space between two points or extremities, as of a bridge or roof; the breadth跨度兩點或兩端間的空間

strike---To engage in a strike against an employer罷工=walkout

To come to; attain來到；到達= make contact with

striking--- Arresting the attention and producing a vivid impression on the sight or the mind.惹人注目的=prominent Immediately noticeable; conspicuous顯眼的

stringent--- Imposing rigorous standards of performance; severe嚴格的=strict

stimulus--- Something that incites or rouses to action; an incentive激發物=motivate

strain ---To pull, draw, or stretch tight拉緊=tension The act or process of stretching something tight拉緊

stationary--- Not capable of being moved; fixed不能被移動的；固定的=fixed, immobile

status---Position relative to that of others; standing地位=standing

sticky---shavingsthe property of adhering or sticking to a surface; adhesive粘的=adhere, cement

staple--- A basic or principal element or feature主要成分，基本成分=basic element

squirt--- To issue forth in a thin forceful stream or jet; spurt噴=spurt out v.噴出

staggering-- Causing great astonishment, amazement, or dismay; overwhelming令人大為吃驚、驚訝或沮喪的；使束手無策的=overwhelming

spur--- To incite or stimulate刺激，鞭策=stimulate

speculate about--- To assume to be true without conclusive evidence推測=hypothesize To assert as a hypothesis假設

spinal---Of, relating to, or situated near the spine or spinal cord; vertebral脊柱的=backbone

spark--- To set in motion; activate發動；觸發=bring about引起;致使;造成;達成

spawn--- To give rise to; engender造成；使產生=create

solemn--- Deeply earnest, serious, and sober莊嚴的，極認真的，嚴肅的=serious

slope---declivity A downward slope, as of a hill斜坡

smother--- To suffocate (another)使窒息=eliminate To get rid of; remove消滅；消除

snap--- To pull apart or break with a snapping sound折斷=break

signify--- To denote; mean表示…的意思=denote

simultaneously---同時存在[發生]地=concurrently同時發生的，并存的；合作的

skepticism-- A doubting or questioning attitude or state of mind; dubiety懷疑態度=doubt

shield--- To protect or defend with or as if with a shield; guard保護、防衛=protect

secrete-- To conceal in a hiding place; cache躲藏=produce？？

scarce--- Hard to find; absent or rare難得的；缺少的或罕見的=rare

scores--- A composition written for a musical comedy配樂=musical compositions音樂作品

scent--- A perfume香水=perfume

scale--- To climb up or over; ascend攀登=climb

sanitation--- Formulation and application of measures designed to protect public health.

衛生措施=health

tremendous--- Extremely large in amount, extent, or degree; enormous巨大的=huge, greatly

trend--- A general tendency or inclination趨向=tendency

trap--- A contrivance for catching and holding animals, as a concealed pit or a clamp like device that springs shut suddenly陷阱=entomb To place in or as if in a tomb or grave埋葬

trace--- A visible mark, such as a footprint, made or left by the passage of a person, an animal, or a thing痕跡=imprint, residue The remainder of something after removal of parts or a part殘留物

textile--- A cloth, especially one manufactured by weaving or knitting; a fabric紡織品=cloth, fabric

terrestrial--- Of, relating to, or composed of land陸地的=land

terrain--- An area of land; ground地區；地帶=land

tedium--- The quality or condition of being tedious; tediousness or boredom單調乏味=tiresome

temporarily--- Lasting, used, serving, or enjoyed for a limited time在有限的時間內持續地、被使用、發揮作用=makeshift A temporary or expedient substitute for something else.

權宜之計,暫時或臨時替代其它事物的東西

usher--- To precede and introduce; inaugurate宣告，展示介紹；開始，開創=begin

unrestricted--- adj.無限制的,自由的=unlimited

unsubstantiated---未經證實的，未經證明的=unverified未經證實的，未經核對的

unravel--- To separate and clarify the elements of (something mysterious or baffling); solve分散并澄清=discover

undoubtedly---確實，無疑地，必定=unquestionably不成問題的;無可非議的;無可指責的

undergo--- To pass through; experience經過；經歷=experience

unadorned--- Without adornment or embellishment; simple or plain未加裝飾的；簡單的，樸素的=plain

venerable--- Commanding respect by virtue of age, dignity, character, or position值得敬重的，令人崇敬的=worship Ardent devotion; adoration.熱烈的崇拜；崇敬

variable--- Likely to change or vary; subject to variation; changeable易變的=unstable

vivid--- Evoking lifelike images within the mind; heard, seen, or felt as if real生動的=graphic Described in vivid detail生動細致地描寫的

witness--- To take note of; observe作記錄；觀察=observe

yield--- To give forth by or as if by a natural process, especially by cultivation生產=provide, produce

Supplements

adjunct-addition輔助-附加

coarse-rough粗糙-粗糙

collectively-together共同的-一起

conclusive-definitive最后的，結論性的-最后的，確定性的

concomitant with-in conjunction with與…相一致-與…相一致

condone-mercy寬恕-寬恕

conflict-opposition沖突-相反

considerable-great(數量、程度)巨大的-巨大的

considerable-much大量的-大量的，堅實的

considerable-substantial大量的-大量的，堅實的

consort-associate合伙人，伴侶-合伙人，伙伴

consult-counsel商量-商量

contemporary-existing當代的-現存的

customary-usual習俗的-一般的

dampen-moisten使潮濕-使潮濕

daring-bold大膽的-大膽的

demand-order要求-命令

demonstrate-show證明-顯示

dirt-soil土壤-土壤

disaster-catastrophe災禍-大災禍

discreet-careful謹慎的-小心的

disseminate-spread/impart/inform傳播-散布/傳播/傳播

distinct-different截然不同的-不同的

distinct-obvious明顯的-明顯的

distinct-separate分別的，截然不同的-分離的

distinction-difference區別-差別

draw-attract吸引-吸引

embrace-welcome(欣然)接受-歡迎

embrace-recipient接受者-接受者，收件人

enable-allow使能夠-允許

end-goal目的-目的

entomb-trap埋葬-使陷于…之中

eradicate-eliminate根除-清除

execute-create(按計劃和設計)做成，制成-創造

expedient-makeshift權宜之計-權宜之計

exponential leaps-rapid increases幾何級數般的跳躍-快速增加

expose-uncover揭露-揭露

first rank-highest quality頂級的-最高檔次的

fixture-commonplace object固定設備-常規物體

flatter-compliment奉承-贊美

frame-pose給…設框-使擺好姿勢

fundamental-basic基本的-基本的

glow-shine發光-發光

hard-firm堅硬的-堅硬的

hemisphere-side半球-一側

incise-carve切割-雕刻

ingot-a block of metal金屬錠-一塊金屬

initially-at first最初-第一

instance-case案例-案例

instantaneous-immediate立桿見影的-立即的

intervention-influence干涉-影響

inviting-attractive吸引人的-吸引人的

lament-complain about令人對…感到遺憾-抱怨

lure-attract引誘-吸引

maneuver-trick策略，花招-詭計

margin-edge邊緣-邊緣

meticulous-careful謹小慎微的，過分注意細節的-小心的

milestone-significant development里程碑-重大的發展

minuscule-tiny微小的-微小的

minute-tiny微小的-微小的

monopolize-dominate壟斷-支配

moreover-furthermore進一步說-進一步說

mundane-ordinary世俗的-平常的

myriad of-many無數的-許多的

nevertheless-however然而-然而

novel-innovative新穎的-創新的

outline-summarization概要-概述

outstanding-excellent出類拔萃的-很好的

peak-maximum頂峰-最大值

peculiar-distinctive獨特的-獨特的

pertinent-relevant相關的-相關的

phenomenon-event現象-事件

pick up-follow沿著-沿著

picture-imagine/describe想象，描寫-想象/描寫

ponder-meditate沉思-沉思

ponderous-heavy笨重的-沉重的

pore-hole孔-洞

position-location位置-位置

potential-possible潛在的-可能的

prefer-favor傾向，喜歡-喜歡

preoccupation-involvement全神貫注-全神貫注

preside over-manage掌管-掌管

prominent-prestigious卓越的-著名的

rapid-swift快速的-迅速的

rather-instead相反-相反

readily-easily容易地-容易地

realization-awareness認識到-認識到

reap-gain收獲-獲得

reckless-irresponsible不負責任的-不負責任的

relate-connect與…有關-與…有關

reliance-dependence依靠-依靠

remarkable-extraordinary非凡的-非凡的

roll back-reduce把…壓到標準水平-降低，減少

roughly-approximately大約-大概

secure-acquire弄到，獲得-獲得

secure-safe安全的-安全的

set-establish設置-建立

settle-locate定居-坐落

shy away from-avoid躲避-躲避

since-because因為-因為

site-location地點-位置

skilled-expert熟練的-熟練的

skyrocket-increase rapidly快速上升-迅速增加

sole-only唯一的-唯一的

sort out-separate區分-分離

spot-identify發現-確定，鑒別

story-tale故事-故事

strategy-scam/trick詭計-詭計/詭計

strength-basis力量的源泉-基礎

stress-emphasize強調-強調

stringent-strict嚴格的-嚴格的

struggle-competition掙扎-競爭

succinct-concise/terse簡短的-簡明的/簡短的

supposed-seeming假定的-表面上的

supremacy-dominance至高無上-優勢

suspend-hang懸掛-懸掛

tangle-twist/jumble糾纏-纏繞、使混亂

tempting-attractive吸引人的-吸引人的

thankful-grateful感謝-感激

uniform-integrate統一-整合

unique-particular獨一無二的-獨特的

vary-differ改變-與…不同

vast-large寬廣的，巨大的-巨大的

vibrate-convulse震動-震動

vigilant-alert警惕的-警惕的

virtually-actually/practically/almost實質上(幾乎)-實際上(幾乎)/實際上(幾乎)/幾乎